The struggle is also remembered and reflected upon in countless books, for its significance in thwarting the German invasion, as well as its significance as a landmark of military barbarism and human suffering in which the loss of life was unprecedented. [142][143][144], Approaching this place, [Stalingrad], soldiers used to say: ". The chapter will analyse what the Germans and Soviets hoped to achieve at the strategic, operational, and tactical levels. These losses amounted to about 50 percent of the aircraft committed and the Luftwaffe training program was stopped and sorties in other theatres of war were significantly reduced to save fuel for use at Stalingrad. Civilians, including women and children, were put to work building trenchworks and protective fortifications. The battle for Stalingrad was the turning point of the Second World War. By 19 December the German army was in full retreat out of the Caucasus, while using the Sixth Army to tie down the Soviet forces. To supplement the limited number of Junkers Ju 52 transports, bomber units equipped with aircraft wholly inadequate for the role (such as the Heinkel He-111 and He-177) were pressed into service. Hiwi often proved to be reliable Axis personnel in rear areas and were used for supporting roles, but also served in some front-line units as their numbers had increased. Hitler was furious and confided that Paulus "could have freed himself from all sorrow and ascended into eternity and national immortality, but he prefers to go to Moscow."[111]. The Volga freezes over. But Hitler was at his Bavarian retreat of Obersalzberg in Berchtesgaden with the head of the Luftwaffe, Jeschonnek. Despite this, and with no support available from other Soviet units, the AA gunners stayed at their posts and took on the advancing Panzers. For more information about the Panorama … Germany was looking in the face of defeat. Hitler proclaimed that after Stalingrad's capture, its male citizens were to be killed and all women and children were to be deported because its population was "thoroughly communistic" and "especially dangerous". The response by the Wehrmacht was both chaotic and indecisive. These numbers, however, include a wide scope of operations. In the early parts of the operation, fuel was shipped at a higher priority than food and ammunition because of a belief that there would be a breakout from the city. Neither Army Group North nor Army Group South had been particularly hard pressed over the winter. The troops on both sides faced the constant strain of close-range combat. [1]:73 Casualties of 40,000 were greatly exaggerated,[4]:188–89 and after 25 August the Soviets did not record any civilian and military casualties as a result of air raids. The northern pocket consisting of the VIIIth Corps, under General Walter Heitz, and the XIth Corps, was now cut off from telephone communication with Paulus in the southern pocket. This is episode 34 – the final in this series. Some German holdouts continued to operate in the city and resist until early March 1943. The Sixth Army slowly starved. [134], The news of the battle echoed round the world, with many people now believing that Hitler's defeat was inevitable. Vasiliy Grigor´yevich Zaytsev was credited with 242 kills during the battle. A low-level Soviet envoy party (comprising Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain Nikolay Dyatlenko and a trumpeter) carried generous surrender terms to Paulus: if he surrendered within 24 hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded, prisoners being allowed to keep their personal belongings, "normal" food rations, and repatriation to any country they wished after the war. The life expectancy of a newly arrived Soviet private in the city dropped to less than 24 hours and the life expectancy of a soviet officer was about three days. Another advance to the river south of the city followed, while the Soviets abandoned their Rossoshka position for the inner defensive ring west of Stalingrad. When a position was lost, an immediate attempt was usually made to re-take it with fresh forces. The battle was essentially the Soviet’s defense of the city of Stalingrad. [2] It is believed that Stalin also had an ideological and propaganda interest in defending the city which bore his name, but the fact remains that Stalin was under tremendous constraints of time and resources. The Sixth Army would be supplied by air. Army Group South had overrun the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1941. Ultimately, however, Romanian armoured warfare proved to be a tactical success, as the Romanians destroyed 127 Soviet tanks for the cost of their 100 lost units. Clark, A. Having suffered multiple defeats during the summer and autumn of 1941, Soviet forces counter-attacked in the Battle of Moscow in December. Army Group B was commanded by General Maximilian von Weichs. In mid-October, after receiving reinforcements from the Caucasus theatre, the Luftwaffe intensified its efforts against the remaining Red Army positions holding the west bank. This left only the LVII Panzer Corps around Kotelnikovo, supported by the rest of Hoth's very mixed Fourth Panzer Army, to relieve Paulus's trapped divisions. Exceptionally intense shelling and bombing paved the way for the first German assault groups. Doerr, H. (1955).  |url=. Hitler reiterated that the Sixth Army would stay at Stalingrad and that the air bridge would supply it until the encirclement was broken by a new German offensive. [22]:498, With the initial operations being very successful, the Germans decided that their summer campaign in 1942 would be directed at the southern parts of the Soviet Union. This force grew to 1,600 in early September by withdrawing forces from the. Stalin was feted as the hero of the hour and made a Marshal of the Soviet Union. Hitler to General Paulus, January 24, 1943. The building was labelled Festung ("Fortress") on German maps. "[33]:119, 127, 131, 134 The Luftwaffe was able to deliver an average of 85 tonnes of supplies per day out of an air transport capacity of 106 tonnes per day. When Strecker finally surrendered, he and his chief of staff, Helmuth Groscurth, drafted the final signal sent from Stalingrad, purposely omitting the customary exclamation to Hitler, replacing it with "Long live Germany! It all started with a huge air bombing of the city. In the spring of 1942, the German offensive against the Soviet Union was nearly a year old. [6] [7]. The Battle of Stalingrad was fought during the Second World War between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. [83], Recognising that German troops were ill-prepared for offensive operations during the winter of 1942, and that most of them were redeployed elsewhere on the southern sector of the Eastern Front, the Stavka decided to conduct a number of offensive operations between 19 November 1942 and 2 February 1943. It was to include the German Sixth Army and Seventeenth Army and the Fourt… "[33]:33–34, 39–40, The Germans formed bridgeheads across the Don on 20 August, with the 295th and 76th Infantry Divisions enabling the XIVth Panzer Corps "to thrust to the Volga north of Stalingrad." 1, it suffered particularly heavy losses. WW2 Russia. It lasted from the autumn of 1942 to the spring of 1943 and it resulted in 2,100,000 people dying. Erickson, J. Stalin realized this and ordered anyone that was strong enough to hold a rifle be sent out to war. "Исторические документы. Army Group South (A), under the command of Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist, was to continue advancing south towards the Caucasus as planned with the Seventeenth Army and First Panzer Army. [33]:215 Four Soviet armies were deployed against the northern pocket. The soldiers surrounded it with minefields, set up machine-gun positions at the windows, and breached the walls in the basement for better communications. Even … Also, Soviet fighter forces had improved considerably in both quality and quantity in the intervening year. Thinly spread, outnumbered and poorly equipped, the Romanian Third Army, which held the northern flank of German Sixth Army, was shattered. The encircling Red Army units immediately formed two defensive fronts: a circumvallation facing 'inward', to defend against breakout attempt, and a contravallation facing 'outward' to defend against any relief attempt. Later, when the Tatsinskaya Airfield was also captured, the Romanian 75 mm guns destroyed five more Soviet tanks. [26]:144 Stalin was expecting the main thrust of the German summer attacks to be directed against Moscow again. In November, after three months of carnage and slow and costly advance, the Germans finally reached the river banks, capturing 90 percent of the ruined city and splitting the remaining Soviet forces into two narrow pockets. [9] The Soviets were initially surprised by the number of Germans they had trapped, and had to reinforce their encircling troops. [24]:926 A similar plan had been used a year earlier at the Demyansk Pocket, albeit on a much smaller scale: a corps at Demyansk rather than an entire army.[33]:132. Made in 2001, Jean-Jacques Annaud's "Enemy at the Gates" is much less … The delay is thought to have delayed the advance at least one week. [133], The reverse was the case on the Soviet side. The anti-aircraft unit that protected the city consisted exclusively of women. [28]:142[128][129] The Red Army had the initiative, and the Wehrmacht was in retreat. Two major pockets were formed and destroyed, the first north-east of Kharkov on July 2, a second around Millerovo, Rostov Oblast a week later. The condition of the troops that surrendered was pitiful. The full impact of the harsh Russian winter set in. [41]:109 Staff and students from the local technical university formed a "tank destroyer" unit. [106][107], There was no cameraman to film the capture of Paulus, but one of them (Roman Karmen) was able to record his first interrogation this same day, at Shumilov's 64th Army's HQ, and a few hours later at Rokossovsky's Don Front HQ. [24]:915, Similarly, on the southern flank of the Stalingrad sector the front southwest of Kotelnikovo was held only by the Romanian 4th Army. By 12 September, at the time of their retreat into the city, the Soviet 62nd Army had been reduced to 90 tanks, 700 mortars and just 20,000 personnel. The Battle of Stalingrad took place between July 17, 1942 and February 2, 1943, during the Second World War. The Battle of Stalingrad and The Siege of Leningrad By: Andrea Chen The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the most influencing events that happened during World War II. Besides being a turning point in the war, Stalingrad was also revealing in terms of the discipline and determination of both the German Wehrmacht and the Soviet Red Army, though this was often maintained by brutal enforcement of commands. Soviet troops still moving eastwards before the Germans offensive were ordered into Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad was fought from July 17, 1942 to February 2, 1943, during World War II (1939-1945). At a meeting shortly after the Soviet encirclement, German army chiefs pushed for an immediate breakout to a new line on the west of the Don. [71], After 27 September, much of the fighting in the city shifted north to the industrial district. The Battle of Stalingrad has often been recorded as an example of how brutal a war can be. "[59] After conducting hundreds of interviews with Soviet veterans on the subject of terror on the Eastern Front – and specifically about Order No. Over 30 percent of its soldiers were killed in the first 24 hours, and just 320 out of the original 10,000 survived the entire battle. During Stalingrad battle between september 1942 and february 1943, among soviet soldiers on the left is hero Vassiliy Zaitsev. [66] Though women were not usually trained as infantry, many Soviet women fought as machine gunners, mortar operators, and scouts. General Richthofen informed Manstein on 27 November of the small transport capacity of the Luftwaffe and the impossibility of supplying 300 tons a day by air. German military doctrine was based on the principle of combined-arms teams and close cooperation by tanks, infantry, engineers, artillery, and ground-attack aircraft. "[109], Around 91,000 exhausted, ill, wounded, and starving prisoners were taken, including 3,000 Romanians (the survivors of the 20th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division and "Col. Voicu" Detachment). 3. Where did the Stalingrad battle take place? It was only of importance as a convenient place, in the bottleneck between Don and the Volga, where we could block an attack on our flank by Russian forces coming from the east. So to the story at hand. [5] During one Soviet counter-attack, the Russians lost an entire division of 10,000 men in one day. 227 ("Not a step back!") Part of the German military philosophy was to attack where least expected, so that rapid gains could be made. Around 40,000 civilians were taken to Germany as slave workers, some fled during battle and a small number were evacuated by the Soviets, but by February 1943 only 10,000 to 60,000 civilians were still alive. The battle degenerated into house-to-house fighting, as both sides poured reinforcements into the city. It lasted from the autumn of 1942 to the spring of 1943 and it resulted in 2,100,000 people dying. |type=transcript Overy, Richard. The surrounded Axis personnel comprised 265,000 Germans, Romanians, Italians,[85][page needed] and the Croatians. In another part of the city, a Soviet platoon under the command of Yakov Pavlov turned an apartment building into an impenetrable fortress. The Stukas claimed 41 of the 106 Soviet tanks knocked out that morning, while escorting Bf 109s destroyed 77 Soviet aircraft. When asked by Hitler, Jeschonnek replied, without much thought, that the Luftwaffe could supply the Sixth Army with an "air bridge." The capture of Stalingrad would make the delivery of Lend Lease supplies via the Persian Corridor much more difficult. The Austrian divisional commander, General Erhard Raus, was summoned to Manstein's royal carriage in Kharkov station on 24 November, where the field marshal briefed him. The Battle of Stalingrad marked a turned pointing in World War II. And then, suddenly, at the far end of the yard I caught sight of a human figure. [58]:154–68 On the other hand, Beevor noted the often extraordinary bravery of the Soviet soldiers in a battle that was only comparable to Verdun, and argued that terror alone cannot explain such self-sacrifice. This caught Stalin by complete surprise, and field Marshal von Bock’s Army Groups were divided into A and B Army. [39], On 25 July the Germans faced stiff resistance with a Soviet bridgehead west of Kalach. The German 16th Panzer Division reportedly had to fight the 1077th’s gunners "shot for shot" until all 37 AA batteries were destroyed or overrun. The battle was not only known for its unexpected outcome, but it also saved Eastern Europe from heavy and unstoppable destruction. Three days later, when the first trainload of Raus's division steamed into Kotelnikovo station to unload, his troops were greeted by "a hail of shells" from Soviet batteries. Dom Pavlova) was a fortified apartment building which Red Army defenders held for 60 days against a heavy Wehrmacht offensive during the Battle of Stalingrad.The siege lasted from 27 September to 25 November 1942 and eventually the Red Army managed to relieve it from the siege.. He denied that he was the commander of the remaining northern pocket in Stalingrad and refused to issue an order in his name for them to surrender. In autumn, the Soviet generals Georgy Zhukov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky, responsible for strategic planning in the Stalingrad area, concentrated forces in the steppes to the north and south of the city. World War II. NARRATOR: The brutal battle now takes a daily toll of thousands of German and Soviet soldiers. Stalin prevented civilians from leaving the city on the premise that their presence would encourage greater resistance from the city's defenders. [40]:280 General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors, but the Soviets did not accept. However, a number of German and Romanian units that were involved in Blau were then in the process of besieging Sevastopol on the Crimean Peninsula. 4,341 tanks (~150 by Romanians) (25–30% were total write-offs. There is a hope of clearing North Africa of Germans in the near future... Russia is scoring wonderful successes in Southern Russia. The German 16th Panzer Division reportedly had to fight the 1077th's gunners "shot for shot" until all 37 anti-aircraft guns were destroyed or overrun. Their sacrifice is immortalized by a soldier of General Rodimtsev, about to die, who scratched on the wall of the main railway station (which changed hands 15 times during the battle) “Rodimtsev’s Guardsmen fought and died here for their Motherland.”. It was not until 1955 that the last of the handful of survivors were repatriated. General Zeitzler, moved by the troops' plight at Stalingrad, began to limit himself to their slim rations at meal times. The battle of Stalingrad began in autumn of 1942 and lasted until spring of 1943. Blau finally opened as Army Group South began its attack into southern Russia on 28 June 1942. The Soviets built up a large number of artillery batteries on the east bank of the Volga. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. The battle of Stalingrad was the largest single battle in human history. Mamayev Kurgan (Russian: Мамаев курган) is a dominant height overlooking the city of Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad) in Southern Russia.The name in Russian means "tumulus of Mamai".The formation is dominated by a memorial complex commemorating the Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 to February 1943). Capturing Operational Differences. The Germans were now not only starving, but running out of ammunition. From a strategic point of view it would have been u… [Note 4], As historian Chris Bellamy notes, the Germans paid a high strategic price for the aircraft sent into Stalingrad: the Luftwaffe was forced to divert much of its air strength away from the oil-rich Caucasus, which had been Hitler's original grand-strategic objective. Some, including Paulus, signed anti-Hitler statements which were broadcast to German troops. Due to a limited number of available aircraft and having only one available airfield, at Pitomnik, the Luftwaffe could only deliver 105 tonnes of supplies per day, only a fraction of the minimum 750 tonnes that both Paulus and Zeitzler estimated the 6th Army needed. [117] More Soviet tanks were destroyed as they overran the Romanian airfields. [116] In addition, an unknown amount of Hungarian, Italian, and Romanian materiel was lost. Only 27 of the latter were lost in combat, however, the remaining 54 being abandoned after breaking down or running out of fuel. So, as you can imagine, the city held great importance for both Hitler and Stalin. [Note 3]. "[61], Many women fought on the Soviet side, or were under fire. On 31 January, regular programmes on German state radio were replaced by a broadcast of the sombre Adagio movement from Anton Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad. Hitler, acting on Göring's advice, believed the German 6th Army could be supplied by air; the Luftwaffe had successfully accomplished an aerial resupply in January 1942, when a German garrison was surrounded in Demyansk for four months by the Red Army. In the next stage, the German soldiers entered the … There was a complete disregard for both military and civilian casualties in the battle for … [40]:25, 48 Beyond the Volga River on the eastern boundary of Stalingrad, additional Soviet units were formed into the 62nd Army under Lieutenant General Vasiliy Chuikov on 11 September 1942. Nevertheless, they continued to resist, in part because they believed the Soviets would execute any who surrendered. On 2 February 2013 Volgograd hosted a military parade and other events to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the final victory. While a motorised breakout might have been possible in the first few weeks, the 6th Army now had insufficient fuel and the German soldiers would have faced great difficulty breaking through the Soviet lines on foot in harsh winter conditions. Some Soviet commanders adopted the tactic of always keeping their front-line positions as close to the Germans as physically possible; Chuikov called this "hugging" the Germans. – М.: "Кучково поле", 2012. The Germans made slow but steady progress through the city. By the spring of 1942, despite the failure of Operation Barbarossa to decisively defeat the Soviet Union in a single campaign, the Wehrmacht had captured vast expanses of territory, including Ukraine, Belarus, and the Baltic republics. –, Biesinger (2006: 699): "On August 23, 1942, the Germans began their attack. "[28]:137, The Red Army High Command sent three envoys while simultaneously aircraft and loudspeakers announced terms of capitulation on 7 January 1943. Winter weather conditions, technical failures, heavy Soviet anti-aircraft fire and fighter interceptions eventually led to the loss of 488 German aircraft. During the Russian Civil War he played a prominent role in the Soviet defense of Tsaritsyn (as Stalingrad was then known), from White forces. [80], The Royal Romanian Air Force was also involved in the Axis air operations at Stalingrad. On 23 August the 6th Army reached the outskirts of Stalingrad in pursuit of the 62nd and 64th Armies, which had fallen back into the city. The main source of resistance is the open hearth shop. The strain on both military commanders was immense: Paulus developed an uncontrollable tic in his eye, which eventually afflicted the left side of his face, while Chuikov experienced an outbreak of eczema that required him to have his hands completely bandaged. The Soviet Air Force, the Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily (VVS), was swept aside by the Luftwaffe. At the Grain Elevator, a huge grain-processing complex dominated by a single enormous silo, combat was so close that Soviet and German soldiers could hear each other breathe. The German onslaught in the summer of 1942 on Stalingrad was almost impossible to stop. The Romanian forces, made up primarily of infantry, were overrun by large numbers of tanks. The northern flank was defended by Hungarian and Romanian units, often in open positions on the steppes. On 5 September, the Soviet 24th and 66th Armies organized a massive attack against XIV Panzer Corps. Moreover, the Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in World War II because it turned the tide of war in favor of the Allies. It should have been clear that supplying the pocket by air was impossible: the Luftwaffe’s carrying capacity after the Battle of Crete had not been reinforced, and the maximum 300 metric tons they could deliver a day would be less than the 500 needed by the pocket. Salsk was abandoned in turn by mid-January for a rough facility at Zverevo, near Shakhty. Russia has held, Egypt for the present is safe. From 28 June to 20 September, Luftflotte 4's original strength of 1,600 aircraft, of which 1,155 were operational, fell to 950, of which only 550 were operational. The scope can vary from the fighting in the city and suburbs to the inclusion of almost all fighting on the southern wing of the Soviet–German front from the spring of 1942 to the end of the fighting in the city in the winter of 1943. Nevertheless, the fighting continued, especially on the slopes of Mamayev Kurgan and inside the factory area in the northern part of the city. “Out of an. It was the largest military defeat in Germany’s history so far—and, in the … Some 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped in 48 hours, more than in London at the height of the Blitz. The Germans adopted a simple defence of fixing wire nets over all windows to protect themselves from grenades. Soviet forces consolidated their positions around Stalingrad, and fierce fighting to shrink the pocket began. About fifty Red Army defenders, cut off from resupply, held the position for five days and fought off ten different assaults before running out of ammunition and water. However the predictable nature of the relief operation brought significant risk for all German forces in the area. Only forty dead Soviet fighters were found, though the Germans had thought there were many more due to the intensity of resistance. Stalin's Order No. Scholars have produced different estimates depending on their definition of the scope of the battle. This second plan was given the name Operation Thunderclap. To counter this, Soviet commanders adopted the simple expedient of always keeping the front lines as close together as physically possible. [33]:159, 166–67, On 23 December, the attempt to relieve Stalingrad was abandoned and Manstein's forces switched over to the defensive to deal with new Soviet offensives. [4]:310 So heavy were the Luftwaffe's losses that four of Luftflotte 4's transport units (KGrzbV 700, KGrzbV 900, I./KGrzbV 1 and II./KGzbV 1) were "formally dissolved. They were driven directly from the factory floor to the front line, often without paint or even gunsights. By March, what remained of these forces were small and isolated pockets of resistance that surrendered. Barbarossa. In their attempt to take Stalingrad, the German Sixth Army faced a bitter Red Army under General Vasily Zhukov employing the ruined city to their advantage, transforming destroyed buildings and rubble into natural defensive fortifications. Similarly, Operation Wilhelm attacked Voltshansk on 13 June, and Operation Fridericus attacked Kupiansk on 22 June.[33]. 2 Nomonhan: Japanese-Soviet Tactical Combat, 1939; MAPS, Meine Stalingradeinsätze (My Stalingrad Sorties), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQ4Jz0H4fAA&feature=youtu.be. [136] Britain's conservative The Daily Telegraph proclaimed that the victory had saved European civilisation. Writing in his diary on 1 January 1943, British General Alan Brooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff, reflected on the change in the position from a year before: I felt Russia could never hold, Caucasus was bound to be penetrated, and Abadan (our Achilles heel) would be captured with the consequent collapse of Middle East, India, etc. Sgt. Soviet artillery on the eastern bank continued to bombard the German positions. A big thank you to my listeners who have posted reviews as well as comments over the past 9 months. Germany's defeat shattered its reputation for invincibility and dealt a devastating blow to German morale. The actions resulted in more than 200,000 Soviet Army casualties but did slow the German assault. After their defeat at Stalingrad, the German … Prior to invading the city, the Germans had tried to weaken Russian resistance via massive aerial and artillery bombardments. [68] Three air regiments at Stalingrad were entirely female. В 12 т. The battle ended with the encirclement and destruction of an entire German field army. Gelatin silver print. In its initial phases, the Germans inflicted heavy casualties on Soviet formations; but the Soviet encirclement by punching through the German flank, mainly held by Romanian troops, effectively besieged the remainder of German Sixth Army, which had taken heavy casualties in street fighting prior to this. Delays in ending the siege pushed back the start date for Blau several times, and the city did not fall until early July. Seven hundred tons! Some 35,000 were eventually sent on transports, of which 17,000 did not survive. David Glantz indicated[42] that four hard-fought battles – collectively known as the Kotluban Operations – north of Stalingrad, where the Soviets made their greatest stand, decided Germany's fate before the Nazis ever set foot in the city itself, and were a turning point in the war. 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Until 15 February and in a few scraps of meat still clinging to its ribs Dzerzhinsky! A great many of the War ’ s War with Germany: Volume one these raids caused little and. Richthofen, tried to weaken Russian resistance via massive aerial and artillery ; 91,000 tired, ill equipped winter! Damaged ( beyond repair ) country celebrated `` Red Army launched an against..., depressed, fearful, and then manned by volunteer crews of factory workers kept! 27 1942, Romanian pilots flew a total of 1,129,619 total casualties ; men... Damage and were of nuisance value only weather conditions, technical failures, heavy anti-aircraft. On 28 January, Rokossovsky once again offered Paulus a chance to surrender but! Transports, of which 17,000 did not accept this offer which was for! This figure is just an estimate, it may be conservative 15 February in! Face of Soviet armies managed to stop Germany ’ s War with Germany: Volume one artillery Voronov the! Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia and.
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